Cations and Anions?
How do we know the charge of a certain cations/anions??
no more with that cations - positively charged ions that lose electrons and vise versa with that anions..
please teach me how to determine the charge of a certain ion.. much better if you provide a list.. well if there's something existing here in the internet.. um.. a complete list ok..? 10 points for that..
Answer:
Here you go, a complete list of common cations and anions with there charges. To determine their charges, you have to calculate the number of valence electrons, 1-4 cation (positive), 4-8 anion (negative), but look at the list.
You can figure out the charge on ions made of one element by looking at the periodic table. All elements in the H column (H, Li, Na, K, etc) will make ions with a 1+ charge, because these elements have one valence electron that they lose easily. All elements in the Be column (Be, Mg, Ca etc) will make ions with a 2+ charge. Boron column = 3+. Carbon column= 4+ or 4- because they can gain or lose electrons with equal ease. Nitrogen column = 3-. Oxygen column = 2-. Fluorine column = 1-. Noble gases or the He column will not lose or gain electrons so they will always have 0 charge.
The transition metals, the short rectangle in the middle of the table, are always positive ions, but because they are weird they can have several different charges. Same goes for the Lanthanides and the Actinides.
There are also ions made of more than one atom - these are called polyatomic ions. It is hard to figure out the charges on these guys, so you'd do better just to memorize the common ones like nitrate, sulfate, hydroxide etc. A list is available at:
Lancenigo di Villorba (TV), Italy
I believe that you are seeking for Science's History.
HISTORICAL NOTEs
At the beginnings of XIX century, an italian scientist (A. Volta) built the former CONTINUOUS ELECTRICAL CURRENT SOURCE : this device was known as PILA.
These machines permitted the ELECTROLYSIS, e.g. the BreakDown's Experiences of Chemical Compounds by means of Electrical Current.
Scientists assigned the Conventional Symbols to distinguish the (+) and (-) Electrical Polarities.
Starting the well-known Coulomb's Theories, it was clear that (+) attracted OPPOSITE CHARGED PARTICLEs, and viceversa.
In effects, the swedish J. J. Berzelius resulted the PIONEER in this researches and he reported that Oxygen leaves up from (+) Polarity. Thus, chemists could distinguished POSITIVE IONs by NEGATIVE ONEs.
Several years later, the english M. Faraday executed his own experiences. He measured the Molar Amounts exchanged during the Electrolytical Applications : these remarks led him to state his own ELECTROLYSIS's Laws.
So, chemists could determine the ELECTRICAL CHARGE related to an UNKNOWN ION by undergoing a Pure Its Salt to Electrolytical Determination.
At the middle of that century, the english E. Frankland led successfully several experiments in order to combine Organic Radical against Metals.
In this fashion, he highlighted the ATOMICITY POWER and collected his remarks so determining the former VALENCE's values for the most common metals.
Frankland's values agree Faraday's ones.
I hope this helps you.
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no more with that cations - positively charged ions that lose electrons and vise versa with that anions..
please teach me how to determine the charge of a certain ion.. much better if you provide a list.. well if there's something existing here in the internet.. um.. a complete list ok..? 10 points for that..
Answer:
Here you go, a complete list of common cations and anions with there charges. To determine their charges, you have to calculate the number of valence electrons, 1-4 cation (positive), 4-8 anion (negative), but look at the list.
You can figure out the charge on ions made of one element by looking at the periodic table. All elements in the H column (H, Li, Na, K, etc) will make ions with a 1+ charge, because these elements have one valence electron that they lose easily. All elements in the Be column (Be, Mg, Ca etc) will make ions with a 2+ charge. Boron column = 3+. Carbon column= 4+ or 4- because they can gain or lose electrons with equal ease. Nitrogen column = 3-. Oxygen column = 2-. Fluorine column = 1-. Noble gases or the He column will not lose or gain electrons so they will always have 0 charge.
The transition metals, the short rectangle in the middle of the table, are always positive ions, but because they are weird they can have several different charges. Same goes for the Lanthanides and the Actinides.
There are also ions made of more than one atom - these are called polyatomic ions. It is hard to figure out the charges on these guys, so you'd do better just to memorize the common ones like nitrate, sulfate, hydroxide etc. A list is available at:
Lancenigo di Villorba (TV), Italy
I believe that you are seeking for Science's History.
HISTORICAL NOTEs
At the beginnings of XIX century, an italian scientist (A. Volta) built the former CONTINUOUS ELECTRICAL CURRENT SOURCE : this device was known as PILA.
These machines permitted the ELECTROLYSIS, e.g. the BreakDown's Experiences of Chemical Compounds by means of Electrical Current.
Scientists assigned the Conventional Symbols to distinguish the (+) and (-) Electrical Polarities.
Starting the well-known Coulomb's Theories, it was clear that (+) attracted OPPOSITE CHARGED PARTICLEs, and viceversa.
In effects, the swedish J. J. Berzelius resulted the PIONEER in this researches and he reported that Oxygen leaves up from (+) Polarity. Thus, chemists could distinguished POSITIVE IONs by NEGATIVE ONEs.
Several years later, the english M. Faraday executed his own experiences. He measured the Molar Amounts exchanged during the Electrolytical Applications : these remarks led him to state his own ELECTROLYSIS's Laws.
So, chemists could determine the ELECTRICAL CHARGE related to an UNKNOWN ION by undergoing a Pure Its Salt to Electrolytical Determination.
At the middle of that century, the english E. Frankland led successfully several experiments in order to combine Organic Radical against Metals.
In this fashion, he highlighted the ATOMICITY POWER and collected his remarks so determining the former VALENCE's values for the most common metals.
Frankland's values agree Faraday's ones.
I hope this helps you.
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