What are the four factors predicting whether a reaction will go Sn1 or Sn2?

how do they work?

Answer:
1. Substituents on the carbon atom
Electron-donating substituents (such as alkyl groups) favour SN1 as they stabilise the intermediate carbocation

2. Strength of nucleophile
Stronger nucleophiles favour SN2 as the reaction is first order in nucleophile

3. Concentration of nucleophile
Higher concentrations favour SN2 as the reaction is first order in nucleophile


4. Solvent
Solvents (particularly polar protic ones) which are able to stabilise the intermediate carbocation favour SN1

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