How is the toroidal transformers has low losses?
Answer:
There are two reasons.
(1) A toroid is the ideal shape for a core as it has no sudden changes of direction where magnetic flux could leak out. This not only reduces losses, but also prevents electromagnetic interference with other circuits.
(2) The windings entirely surround the core. In other transformer designs there are regions of the core that have no windings on them. The flux through these parts of the core is wasted, and as flux is always accompanied by eddy current and hysteresis losses, efficiency is reduced.
Incidentally, the world's first transformer, invented by Michael Faraday in 1831, was toroidal. It's still the best design. The only reason that non-toroidal transformers were made up to the 1970s was that nobody had invented a machine that could wind them. And the only reason that non-toroidal transformers are still made is that the bobbin-and-split-core design is cheaper to make.
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Because the core is a circle all of the magnetic flux is confined to the core. This allows for both low loss and self shielding which results in lower noise levels in RF applications.
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