How is salt water purified into water that can even be used for household purposes?
In a country like Saudi Arabia which has no source for pure water, there is water in the tap for 24hrs a day..?
Answer:
Desalination
Desalination technology has been employed for decades on ships and in coastal communities. In light of growing fresh water demands and diminishing supplies, more and more communities are looking toward desalination. Seawater offers an obvious raw water source for coastal areas. However, inland areas must look for other sources of saline water. Saline ground water has been used in some cases. In Texas, for example, several pilot tests have been conducted using produced water as the source water.
Texas A&M University established a program to develop a portable produced water treatment system that can be moved into oil fields to convert produced water to potable water. The idea was to augment scarce water supplies in arid regions, while also providing economic paybacks to operators in the form of prolonged productive lives of their wells (Burnett et al. 2002; Burnett and Veil 2004). The desalination trailer developed by the Texas A&M University has meanwhile conducted pilot tests using produced water as the water source at the following locations:
Fife oil well in Washington County, Texas
Neumann gas well
Darst oil field in central Texas
Key Energy produced water disposal well in Brazos, Texas
The treatment system-generated water met the applicable drinking water standards. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published a list of the contaminants and standards, which is available at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/consumer/pd... Veil et al. (2006) show some of the data obtained during the pilot phase of the treatment system.
In addition to these tests, a sample of produced water from an oil field in Grimes County, Texas, was treated during a membrane desalination workshop held at Texas A&M in August 2006. Some brave attendees, including the author of this fact sheet, drank the water. According to staff of the Texas A&M University, the laboratory analysis of the water showed, "the input total dissolved solids (TDS) was 13,320 mg/L, and the output was 323 mg/L. Sodium input was 4,490 mg/L, and output was 127 mg/L. Chlorides input was 7,494 mg/L, and the output was 184 mg/L. Potassium input was 76 mg/L, and the output was 1.2 mg/L. This is better than our city water here in the Bryan/College Station area."
Additional information and data can be viewed on the website of the Texas A&M Global Petroleum Research Institute at http://www.pe.tamu.edu/gpri-new/home/con...
Stewart (2006) describes a recent example from Colorado. A project near Wellington, Colorado, involves treating produced water from oil wells to serve as a raw water resource. The treated water will be used to augment shallow water aquifers, and ensure adequate water supplies for holders of senior water rights. The oil company is embarking on this project to increase oil production. A separate company will then purchase and utilize this water as an augmentation water source. The water will eventually allow the Town of Wellington and northern Colorado water users to increase their drinking water supplies by 300 percent.
Management of the Concentrate Byproduct
The technologies used to treat produced water generate two streams: a purified water stream and a concentrate stream that includes the impurities removed by the device. The level of the chemical constituents in the concentrate depends on their starting concentrations in the raw water and the operating parameters of the technology used (e.g., flow rate, pressure, type of filtration membrane or ion exchange resin, and frequency of device cleaning or backwashing). In addition to the constituents present in the produced water, operators generally add different chemical products to the treatment system for cleaning, anti-fouling, or other process control purposes. The concentrate also contains these products.
Management or disposal of the concentrate presents challenges to operators. Most situations in which produced water will serve as the raw water source are in dry, onshore areas where surface water discharge is not practical. The preferred management option is likely to be underground injection. If an operator is running water floods near the produced water treatment site, the concentrate could be reinjected as part of the water flood program. In all likelihood, regulators will likely to consider this a Class II well activity under the EPA's Underground Injection Control program. However, when the concentrate is injected solely for disposal (as opposed to enhanced oil recovery), regulators are currently debating the appropriate course of action. Veil et al. (2006) describe some of the issues associated with concentrate injection. The authors identify the regulatory standards that operators must consider.
this has all the info you're after, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/desalinatio...
first boil water and vaporize it totaly collect vapour in a condensor cool it down vpour cooling converts in water which can you use.
good luck
this is done by asimple processes which u sould have read in 6th-7th classes science books
it's called purification and then distillation
purifcation helprs to remove the visible unwanted particles
and distillation removes the solved salt from the water by evaporating the water and then condensing it
All above are correct, but on an industrial or municipal scale, the best way is to use rerverse osmosis. It is relatively expensive compared to other processes, but in some areas they have no other feasible alternative.
By a process called 'Desalination' (salt removal), in which sea water enters a distillation plant heated by Superheated Steam. (Some of the product water goes to the boilers producing this steam).
The unit is operated under vacuum which brings the boiling point of the water to around 65°C (150°F). (Heat input is reduced due to the lower boiling temperature and pressure).
The produced steam is condensed to distilled water and piped to storage tanks for distribution.
The product 'Surface Condensers' are maintained under high vacuum by a series of 'Ejector Sets' (Venturi type systems that also use superheated, high pressure steam for their operation). These 'pull' the steam from the unit through the surface condensers. It's the condensation of the steam that produces the vacuum. The exhaust steam from the ejectors is also condensed in the 'ejector condensers' and the water returned to the boiler units.
(When steam is condensed, its volume decreases by about 1600 times). The system also disposes of uncondensible gases to atmosphere.
The flow of sea water through the plant is continuous and the outlet water, now containing increased salt levels, is returned to the sea to a location well away from where the feed water is taken.
Reverse osmosis (R.O.Units) are the best known machines to use for this operation. But they are very costly to run.
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Answer:
Desalination
Desalination technology has been employed for decades on ships and in coastal communities. In light of growing fresh water demands and diminishing supplies, more and more communities are looking toward desalination. Seawater offers an obvious raw water source for coastal areas. However, inland areas must look for other sources of saline water. Saline ground water has been used in some cases. In Texas, for example, several pilot tests have been conducted using produced water as the source water.
Texas A&M University established a program to develop a portable produced water treatment system that can be moved into oil fields to convert produced water to potable water. The idea was to augment scarce water supplies in arid regions, while also providing economic paybacks to operators in the form of prolonged productive lives of their wells (Burnett et al. 2002; Burnett and Veil 2004). The desalination trailer developed by the Texas A&M University has meanwhile conducted pilot tests using produced water as the water source at the following locations:
Fife oil well in Washington County, Texas
Neumann gas well
Darst oil field in central Texas
Key Energy produced water disposal well in Brazos, Texas
The treatment system-generated water met the applicable drinking water standards. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published a list of the contaminants and standards, which is available at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/consumer/pd... Veil et al. (2006) show some of the data obtained during the pilot phase of the treatment system.
In addition to these tests, a sample of produced water from an oil field in Grimes County, Texas, was treated during a membrane desalination workshop held at Texas A&M in August 2006. Some brave attendees, including the author of this fact sheet, drank the water. According to staff of the Texas A&M University, the laboratory analysis of the water showed, "the input total dissolved solids (TDS) was 13,320 mg/L, and the output was 323 mg/L. Sodium input was 4,490 mg/L, and output was 127 mg/L. Chlorides input was 7,494 mg/L, and the output was 184 mg/L. Potassium input was 76 mg/L, and the output was 1.2 mg/L. This is better than our city water here in the Bryan/College Station area."
Additional information and data can be viewed on the website of the Texas A&M Global Petroleum Research Institute at http://www.pe.tamu.edu/gpri-new/home/con...
Stewart (2006) describes a recent example from Colorado. A project near Wellington, Colorado, involves treating produced water from oil wells to serve as a raw water resource. The treated water will be used to augment shallow water aquifers, and ensure adequate water supplies for holders of senior water rights. The oil company is embarking on this project to increase oil production. A separate company will then purchase and utilize this water as an augmentation water source. The water will eventually allow the Town of Wellington and northern Colorado water users to increase their drinking water supplies by 300 percent.
Management of the Concentrate Byproduct
The technologies used to treat produced water generate two streams: a purified water stream and a concentrate stream that includes the impurities removed by the device. The level of the chemical constituents in the concentrate depends on their starting concentrations in the raw water and the operating parameters of the technology used (e.g., flow rate, pressure, type of filtration membrane or ion exchange resin, and frequency of device cleaning or backwashing). In addition to the constituents present in the produced water, operators generally add different chemical products to the treatment system for cleaning, anti-fouling, or other process control purposes. The concentrate also contains these products.
Management or disposal of the concentrate presents challenges to operators. Most situations in which produced water will serve as the raw water source are in dry, onshore areas where surface water discharge is not practical. The preferred management option is likely to be underground injection. If an operator is running water floods near the produced water treatment site, the concentrate could be reinjected as part of the water flood program. In all likelihood, regulators will likely to consider this a Class II well activity under the EPA's Underground Injection Control program. However, when the concentrate is injected solely for disposal (as opposed to enhanced oil recovery), regulators are currently debating the appropriate course of action. Veil et al. (2006) describe some of the issues associated with concentrate injection. The authors identify the regulatory standards that operators must consider.
this has all the info you're after, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/desalinatio...
first boil water and vaporize it totaly collect vapour in a condensor cool it down vpour cooling converts in water which can you use.
good luck
this is done by asimple processes which u sould have read in 6th-7th classes science books
it's called purification and then distillation
purifcation helprs to remove the visible unwanted particles
and distillation removes the solved salt from the water by evaporating the water and then condensing it
All above are correct, but on an industrial or municipal scale, the best way is to use rerverse osmosis. It is relatively expensive compared to other processes, but in some areas they have no other feasible alternative.
By a process called 'Desalination' (salt removal), in which sea water enters a distillation plant heated by Superheated Steam. (Some of the product water goes to the boilers producing this steam).
The unit is operated under vacuum which brings the boiling point of the water to around 65°C (150°F). (Heat input is reduced due to the lower boiling temperature and pressure).
The produced steam is condensed to distilled water and piped to storage tanks for distribution.
The product 'Surface Condensers' are maintained under high vacuum by a series of 'Ejector Sets' (Venturi type systems that also use superheated, high pressure steam for their operation). These 'pull' the steam from the unit through the surface condensers. It's the condensation of the steam that produces the vacuum. The exhaust steam from the ejectors is also condensed in the 'ejector condensers' and the water returned to the boiler units.
(When steam is condensed, its volume decreases by about 1600 times). The system also disposes of uncondensible gases to atmosphere.
The flow of sea water through the plant is continuous and the outlet water, now containing increased salt levels, is returned to the sea to a location well away from where the feed water is taken.
Reverse osmosis (R.O.Units) are the best known machines to use for this operation. But they are very costly to run.
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