Defence Mechanisms ?
it"s kind.
can anybody explain with examples...
Answer:
Defence Mechanisms :
Biology. A physiological reaction of an organism used in self-protection, as against infection.
Psychology. Any of various usually unconscious mental processes, including denial, projection, rationalization, and repression, that protect the ego from shame, anxiety, conflict, loss of self-esteem, or other unacceptable feelings or thoughts.
In psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are unconscious resources used by the ego to reduce conflict between the id and superego and thereby anxiety. For that reason they are more accurately referred to as ego defense mechanisms. They can thus be categorized as occurring due to the following scenarios:
When the id impulses are in conflict with each other;
When the id impulses conflict with superego values and beliefs;
When an external threat is posed to the ego.
The term "defense mechanism" is often thought to refer to a definitive singular term for personality traits which arise due to loss or traumatic experiences, but more accurately refers to several types of reactions which were identified during and after daughter Anna Freud's time.
List of defense mechanisms
Sigmund Freud was the first person to develop the concept of defense mechanisms, however it was his daughter Anna Freud who clarified and conceptualized it. She has described various different defense mechanisms:
Compensation. Compensation occurs when someone takes up one behaviour because one cannot accomplish another behaviour.
Denial. An ego defence mechanism that operates unconsciously to resolve emotional conflict, and to reduce anxiety by refusing to perceive the more unpleasant aspects of external reality;
Displacement. An unconscious defense mechanism, whereby the mind redirects emotion from a ‘dangerous’ object to a ‘safe’ object. In psychoanalytic theory, displacement is a defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable or less threatening target; redirecting emotion to a safer outlet;
Intellectualization (isolation). Concentrating on the intellectual components of the situations as to distance oneself from the anxiety provoking emotions associated with these situations;
Projection. Attributing to others, one’s own unacceptable or unwanted thoughts and/or emotions. Projection reduces anxiety in the way that it allows the expression of the impulse or desire without letting the ego recognize it;
Rationalization. The process of constructing a logical justification for a decision that was originally arrived at through a different mental process;
Reaction formation. The converting of unconscious wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous into their opposites;
Regression. The reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable impulses;
Repression. The process of pulling thoughts into the unconscious and preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness;
Sublimation. The refocusing of psychic energy (which Sigmund Freud believed was limited) away from negative outlets to more positive outlets. These drives which cannot find an outlet are rechannelled. In Freud’s classic theory, erotic energy is only allowed limited expression due to repression, and much of the remainder of a given group’s erotic energy is used to develop its culture and civilization. Freud considered this defence mechanism the most productive compared to the others that he identified. Sublimation is the process of transforming libido into ‘socially useful’ achievements, mainly art. Psychoanalysts often refer to sublimation as the only truly successful defense mechanism;
Undoing. A person tries to 'undo' a negative or threatening thought by their actions.
Suppression. The conscious process of pushing thoughts into the preconscious.
Dissociation. Separation or postponement of a feeling that normally would accompany a situation or thought.
Humour. Refocuses attention on the somewhat comical side of the situation as to relieve negative tension; similar to comic relief.
Idealization. Form of denial in which the object of attention is presented as "all good" masking true negative feelings towards the other.
Identification. The unconscious modeling of one's self upon another person's behavior.
Introjection. Identifying with some idea or object so deeply that it becomes a part of that person.
Inversion. Refocusing of aggression or emotions evoked from an external force onto one's self.
Somatisation. Manifestation of emotional anxiety into physical symptoms.
Splitting. Primitive defence mechanism-when a person sees external objects or people as either "all good" or "all bad."
Substitution. When a person replaces one feeling or emotion for another.
Someone feels threatened by something, so they react in a defenesive way.
Example #1:
Margaret was previously in an abusive relationship and is now afraid of dating. Tom asks Margaret out. Margaret says she has plans but instead just goes home and watches TV. She is trying to protect herself from being hurt again, so her action of saying no and going home instead is a defense mechanism.
Example #2:
Diane insults Bob's work ethic. Bob tells Diane off to the whole office and won't stop talking about how she is insane to all of his co-workers for weeks. He is putting her down to validate himself and make himself feel better, even though his work ethic might actually be bad. This is a defense mechanism designed to make him feel better about himself.
Defense mechanisms are what people use to defend their psyche. There are many kinds of defense mechanisms and permeate all kinds of psychology. One example is Denial, basically you deny that something is happening. Amnesia can be another defense mechanism, we don't remember horrible events so we don't have to relive them. Somatization is another. This is one someone has physical symptoms (i.e. I have a headache all the time) to avoid mental discomfort (i.e. I'm sad because my Father died). Cognitive Dissonance is one of my favorites. This is when you make exceptions for two incompatible ideas. An example of this would be "I like to smoke, but smoking kills people." The dissonance becomes something like "They'll cure cancer before I get it from smoking, or I won't get cancer from smoking."
In every day people words, its what happens when you know someone is trying to take advantage of you. Whether it is directly coming at you, or you have a sense, that little voice inside you that says, hey, I don't like what that person is trying to do to me, and your guard goes up..
ex: you have a kid at school, or a coworker, or relative, and you know they are "cutting you down", or trying to start trouble, and you sense it. Or, you can also interpret someones intentions wrongly, and get defensive because you are used to it.
Like a kid at school who constantly gets picked on. He/she may be so used to it that no matter what someone says or does, they will always be on the defensive, thinking they are being taken advantaged of.
Verbal assaults directly done to someone over time will condition that person to be on the defense all the time. It falls in the category of abuse, plain and simple.
It is a inner thing everyone has...I don't know the names of such mechanisms, I don't have a phd..but I am a mother, wife of 27yrs, grandmother, employee, and a FEMALE, and that is enough experience in life...Women are horrible towards other women, and in a man's world we are always on the defense.
defense mechanisms were introduced to psychology from Freud. according Freud when your ''id'' your conscious part of your soul is trying to fulfill his needs for sex food water... through ego the conscious part of your soul that causes stress and generally bad feeling.your superego which has all the social norms is controlling id not to express it drives that are against society. these fight is solved with defense mechanisms which reduce these stress.
Grazing animals often feed in herds. When a predator attacks, the animals scatter in different directions, often confusing the predator and allowing most, if not all, of the prey animals to escape. Some animals never venture too far from their home in underground dens or thick vegetation and can quickly hide when danger approaches. Many animals have keen senses of sight, smell, and hearing so that they can detect danger and escape. Some animals have horns or antlers to fight off predators. Some animals are active only at night (nocturnal) when it is harder for predators to find them.
Some animals use visual scanning as a defense mechanism. They will typically monitor their surroundings closely in an effort to prevent an attack by hoping to see a predator before it approaches close enough to attack. This is a common defense mechanism for animals in open environments, such as grasslands and prairies. It is also common for animals that are arboreal, such as primates, which typically scan the ground around them for terrestrial predators, as well as the sky for aerial predators.
Animals that use vocalizations often have predator cries. These are specialized cries that are only used when a predator is sighted or sensed. They will typically warn all other animals of the same species to be on the lookout or flee.
Many animals rely on camouflage or the ability to blend in with their surroundings to hide from predators. A few animals are even poisonous or unpleasant-tasting, and predators soon learn to leave such animals alone. These poisonous kinds of animals are often brightly colored, as well, which acts as a warning to predators.
Some animals use chemicals which they spray from various parts of their bodies to deter predators. A few animals rely on trickery and copy the defences of other animals to protect themselves.
Japanese Honeybees isolate and mob Giant Asian Hornets, vibrating their flight muscles in order to raise the temperature around the Asian Hornet scout to lethal levels, rather than allowing the scout to bring others to the Honeybees' hive.
Many plant species have, over the course of their evolutionary history, developed physical and chemical defense mechanisms to deter herbivores. Prickles, spines, and thorns are examples of physical mechanisms. Stinging nettle plants are covered in small hairs that contain chemicals that are a skin irritant to many mammals, including humans.
Defence mechanisms are used by people to moderate the impact of guilt and shame. This concept was introduced by Sigmund Freud. these mechanisms are used to protect the ego from accepting responsibility for shameful acts. They help to cushion failure and anxiety.
Some of the common defense mechanisms are as follows:
1. Rationalisation- making excuses.
2. Denial- mostly used by children coz adults cannot deny objective facts.
3. Regression- the person displays behaviour characteristic of a younger and less mature stage of development.
4. Displacement- the person directs his anger towards someone else coz the person cannot afford to express anger to the person who made him feel angry like his boss etc.
5. other defences include sublimation, compensation, projection, repression etc.
defence Mechanisms---
its a response of the reactive part of the brain.
Mr freud can help u in detail.
go 4 his books
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